جارمو (قلعة جارمو) تمثل اقدم مجتمع زراعي في تأريخ البشرية. وصل. تقع القلعة في شمال العراق على سفح جبال الزاغروس شرق مدينة كركوك. اكتشف الموقع اصلاً من قبل مديرية الآثار العراقية في سنة 1940. بعد ذلك بحث الموقع عالم الآثار روبرت بريدود من سنة 1948 الى 1955. وصل

دهر عبيد (5000 الى 3500 ق.م.). وصل

على الرغم من ان دقة و علمية مقطوعات الفديو هذه ليست عالية كما نرغب، فأنها تحتوي الكثير من الحقائق بالاضافة الى صور جميلة لمواقع و تحف. الوقت الموصوف في الفديوان يبدأ حوالى سنة 3500 ق.م.، عدا فترة بداية الزراعة و التي بدأت قبل هذه الفترة. المحرر ضياء

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نموذج من الكتابة المسمارية

الكتابة اخترعت في العراق في فترة ما بين 3400 و 3300 ق.م. (2) هذا النوع من الكتابة سميت بالكتابة المسمارية او الخط المسماري. للمزيد اذهب الى وصل. بالحقيقة كان الانجاز من قبل السومريون. اجدد مخطوطة مسمارية موجودة حالياً كتبت في 75 ميلادي. و بهذا كان الخط المسماري هو السائد في ارض الرافدين لحوالي ثلاثة آلاف سنة. كانت الكتابة المسمارية تُخَط على الواح طينية و الاخيرة كانت الوسط الرئيسي للتخاطب اليومي المكتوب و كانت تستعمل بشكل واسع في المدارس آنذاك. الالواح الطينية كانت تستعمل بشكل متكرر و لو اُريدت الدائمية توءخذ و تطبخ في افران. هناك نظرية ان كثير من الالوح التي لقتها علماء الآثار قد بقيت حيث حمصت الالوح جراء حرق الجيوش الغازية للابنية التي كانت تحفظ فيها الالواح. كان الطين مادة مثالية للكتابة المسمارية عند استعمال اداة (قلم) من القصب. وصل. اختراع الخط قد حدث في منطقة اوروك- الوركاء في جنوب العراق. وصل. خارطة. للمزيد

3400 .ق.م

Writing appears in Egypt. (3)

3200 .ق.م

2600-2400 BC: Burial of 'Queen' Pu-abi (Sumerian queen) in the Royal Cemetery at Ur, in southern Iraq, along with several lyres, and bodies of ten women. Originally discovered by Leonard Woolley (1880-1960). Link. Link

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Above is an impressive replica of the 'Queen's Lyre', which looks very nice and was finished in 2006. Photo.

Sargon of Akkad reigned from 2334 to 2279 BC, creating an empire that united all of Mesopotamia. He was an Akkadian Semite from the Arabian Peninsula. When he conquered the dominant Sumerians, he created the first great Semitic empire. This empire included all of southern Mesopotamia as well as parts of Syria, Anatolia, and Elam (western Iran). His capital city of Agade, which he built, has not yet definitively been located and excavated. The name of the city of Agade (Akkad), became the basis for the name of his people. This great capital of the largest empire humans had ever seen up until that point later became the city of Babylon. Babylon (AKA Babil - Map) was the commercial and cultural center of the middle east for almost two thousand years. Link 1. Link 2.

The image to the right: Life-size bronze or copper head of an Akkadian king, perhaps Sargon of Akkad, found as loot at Ishtar Temple in Nineveh. 30 cm. (Baghdad: Iraq Museum). From: http://www.hp.uab.edu/image_archive/ue/ueg.html

The signs of the Zodiac originate in Mesopotamia. Some believe this occurred as early as 2000 BC (17, 18, 19) . Others believe this occurred later closer to the 10th millenium BC. Either way the Greeks "borrowed" and established the zodiacal scheme circa late 6th-century BC. Link.

Hammurabi, born in Babylon (AKA Babil - Map), a famous king of Babylonia, reigned from 1792 BC till his death in 1750 BC. He was the sixth and best-known ruler of the 1st (Amorite) Dynasty of Babylon, noted for his surviving set of laws (Document), once considered the oldest promulgation of laws in human history.(20) His law code was produced in the second year of his reign. Many new legal concepts were introduced therein, and many have been adopted by other civilizations. These concepts include: Legal protection should be provided to lower classes; The state is the authority responsible for enforcing the law; Social justice should be guaranteed; The punishment should fit the crime. The quote,"An eye for an eye, a tooth for a tooth" comes from the Hammurabi Code. See code number 196 at (Document). Law codes in Babylonian times were so involved that "not even a dog that entered the city could be put to death untried."(Link)

A copy of the code is engraved on a block of black diorite nearly 2.4 m (8 ft) high (see image to the right). A team of French archaeologists at Susa, Iran, formerly ancient Elam unearthed this block, during the winter of 1901-2 (some later conqueror of Babylon must have carried it there in triumph - Link). The block, broken in three pieces, has been restored and is now in the Louvre Museum in Paris.(23)

Hammurabi's Stele

Ipiq-Aya writes the Babylonian version of Atrahasis during the reign of Ammi-saduqa, king of Babylon (1702-1682 B.C.), probably in the city of Sippar. (16)

Chords of Circles

"Pythagorean" Triplets

King Ashurnasirpal II Neo-Assyrian, (883-859 BC) From Nimrud (ancient Kalhu), northern Iraq. This statue (in the British Museum) of King Ashurnasirpal II (883-859 BC) was placed in the Temple of Ishtar Sharrat-niphi. It is made of magnesite, and stands on a pedestal of a reddish stone. These unusual stones were probably brought back from a foreign campaign. Kings often boasted of the exotic things they acquired from abroad, not only raw materials and finished goods but also plants and animals. The king's hair and beard are shown worn long in the fashion of the Assyrian court at this time. Ashurnasirpal holds a sickle in his right hand, of a kind which gods are sometimes depicted using to fight monsters. The mace in his left hand shows his authority as vice-regent of the supreme god Ashur. The carved cuneiform inscription across his chest proclaims the king's titles and genealogy, and mentions his expedition westward to the Mediterranean Sea. The statue was found in the nineteenth century by Henry Layard, the excavator of the temple. Notes above were summarized from: Link.

Click on image for a better quality one.

Naboplashar (625-605 BC) of the Neo-Babylonian dynasty rules as the Mesopotamian civilization reaches its ultimate glory. Link.

At the Battle of Gaugamela, Ref-Link, near modern Irbil in Iraq, Map (or more likely near Mosul – Map), Alexander the Macedonian (356-323 BC) (AKA Alexander the Great in the Western World) engages a Persian army led by King Darius III (c. 380–330 BC), the last king of the Achaemenid Empire of Persia. Ref-Link

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The Persian side was comprised of Greeks, Bactrians, Indians, Medians, Sogdians, even Albanians from the Caucasus. The two armies met on the battlefield in the morning. The Persian army was defeated and Darius fled to Ecbatana in Media. Alexander then occupied Babylon. Ref-Link.

وصل الى صورة افضل للمعركة التأريخية

1 .ق.م